Pictorial Representation and Metaphor in Visual Language Design |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus;2. Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine;3. Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania;1. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Central clinical college of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cells, No. 83 Jintang Road, 300170 Hedong District, Tianjin, China;2. Department of Public Health, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193 Tianjin, China;1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland;2. AGH University of Science and Technology, ACC Cyfronet AGH, Nawojki 11, 30-950 Kraków, Poland;1. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;2. Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;3. Kuopio Research Centre of Geriatric Care, School of Pharmacy, the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;4. Department of Geriatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;5. School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;6. Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;7. Development, Clinical Education and Research Unit of Nursing, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland;8. NeuroCentre, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland;9. Department of Neurology, Al-Ahli Hospital, Doha, Qatar |
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| Abstract: | This paper reports the results of seven different experiments, assessing the benefit that users gain from the inclusion of pictorial features such as pictorial metaphor, visual mnemonics or support for visual imagery in visual languages. The experiments are based on typical programming tasks such as problem solving, construction and interpretation. They employed a number of experimental languages, including both implicit pictorial representations and explicitly verbal metaphorical explanations. The results of these experiments indicate that special design considerations apply to visual languages. Direct application of Graphical User Interface metaphors does not result in automatic improvements in usability of visual languages for typical programming tasks. Visual languages can benefit from pictorial mnemonics, but systematic explanatory metaphors (whether visual or verbal) are less useful than consistent presentation of language abstractions. |
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