|
|||||
|
|
Occurrence of phthalates in different food matrices: A systematic review of the main sources of contamination and potential risks |
|
| Authors: | Júlia Moraes da Costa Lilian Seiko Kato Diego Galvan Carini Aparecida Lelis Thiago Saraiva Carlos Adam Conte-Junior |
| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, ?Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing;2. Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), IQ, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Contribution: Writing - review & editing;4. Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), IQ, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Residue Analysis Laboratory (LAB RES), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Contribution: Writing - review & editing |
| Abstract: | This systematic review aimed to investigate the occurrence of phthalates (phthalic acid esters PAEs]) in different food matrices, as well as report the main sources of PAEs in food, the potential risks to the population, and the factors that influence its migration from food contact materials (FCMs) to food. Nineteen PAEs were identified, including di-(2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, cereals, meat, fish, fat and oils, snacks, condiments and sauces, miscellaneous, and baby food. Fifty-seven values of PAEs were above the legal limits of countries. DEHP is the PAE with the highest incidence, with maximum concentrations above the specific migration limit (SML) for milk and dairy products, oils and fats, fish, cereals, condiments and sauces, meat, and fruits and vegetables. The risk of exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) was high for DEHP and DBP in fish, fat and oils, cereals, and milk and dairy products for children and adults. Fat and oils are the most critical food for DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DINP. Comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) with the TDI, there was a risk for “milk and dairy products” in adults and for “cereal and cereal products” in children concerning DEHP. “Cereal and cereal products” presented a risk in children and adults concerning DBP. The “fat and oils” category presented a risk in children and adults about DBP and DINP. Temperature, contact time between food and the FCM, fat percent, and acidity positively correlate with the PAE's migration. The contamination occurs in many steps of the production chain. |
| Keywords: | additives endocrine disruptors plastic food packaging plasticizers polymers |