生物降解塑料在国内外的研究进展及发展趋势

近年来，世界各国均加大力度禁止和限制不易回收、易污染的一次性塑料产品。生物降解塑料成为替代一次性塑料产品的最佳选择。生物降解塑料分为生物基和石化基两大类。前者按制作方法细分为完全生物降解塑料（全淀粉生物降解塑料、微生物发酵和化学合成共同参与获得的生物降解塑料、微生物合成型生物降解塑料、共混型生物降解塑料）和不完全生物降解塑料。后者是以煤或石油等化石能源为原料，用化学合成法由单体聚合而成，代表性品种有聚丁二酸丁二酯（PBS）、聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PBAT）、聚碳酸亚丙酯（PPC）等，该类塑料均基于脂肪族聚酯，分子链上的酯基结构决定了它们易被微生物或酶降解。从上述各类生物降解塑料的加工制作方法、性能特点、应用场合以及全球、国内外产能状况展开论述。未来，我国应重点发展淀粉基、PLA、 PBAT等三大生物降解塑料，应重视对高分子设计法的研究。

Research Progress and Development Trend of Biodegradable Plastics at Home and Abroad

In recent years, countries around the world have intensified efforts to ban and restrict disposable plastic products that are not easy to recycle and pollution-prone, while biodegradable plastics have become the best choice for their alternative products. Biodegradable plastics are divided into biobased and petrochemical based biodegradable plastics. The former is subdivided into total starch biodegradable plastics (total starch biodegradable plastics, microbial fermentation and chemical synthetic natural polymer biodegradable plastics, microbial synthetic biodegradable plastics, mixed biodegradable plastics) and incomplete biodegradable plastics according to processing approaches. The latter adopts coal or oil and other fossil fuels as raw materials, using the method of chemical synthesis of monomer polymerization, such as polybutylinic acid butylinediol ester (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), poly propylene carbonate (PPC), which are based on aliphatic polyester, while the ester structure on the molecular chain determines they are susceptible to microorganisms or enzymes. All these biodegradable plastics are introduced on processing, performance characteristics, applications, as well as the global, including foreign and Chinese production capacity status. In the future, China should focus on the development of starch, PLA, PBAT biodegradable plastics and pay attention to the research of polymer design method.