生物浸矿领域中功能微生物的研究进展

微生物浸出技术是一种新型的环境友好型湿式冶金技术，可以作为解决高品位矿产储量缩减和尾矿堆存数量增加等难题的潜在有效途径。具有浸矿功能的微生物在生物浸矿过程中有着举足轻重的作用。根据浸矿微生物的营养代谢类型可以将微生物分为自养代谢微生物和异养代谢微生物2大类，归纳总结了不同类型微生物在生物浸矿过程的最佳浸矿条件、浸出效率和浸出机理。自养微生物主要用于浸出硫化矿，其中氧化亚铁硫杆菌应用最为广泛，且混合菌的浸出效率高于单一菌的浸出效率；而异养微生物主要用于浸出非硫化矿，介绍了硅酸盐细菌、产氨细菌和真菌在浸矿领域中的功能。在此基础上，提出了高效浸矿功能微生物未来存在突破可能的研究角度：原位驯化与分离筛选功能微生物、构建与应用基因工程菌株、设计与优化特异性培养基、推进异养浸矿微生物的深入研究与实际应用、菌群共代谢调控及菌剂研发等。

Progress of the Functional Microorganisms in Bioleaching Studies

Bioleaching technology is a new environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy technology. It was considered to be a potentially effective candidate to solve the problems of the reduction of high-grade ore and the increase of tailings pile-up. Microorganisms with ore leaching function play an important role in the bioleaching process. Microorganisms were classified into two types: autotrophic microorganisms and heterotrophic microorganisms， based on nutrient metabolism types. The optimum leaching conditions， leaching efficiency and leaching mechanism of different types of microorganisms in the bioleaching process were summarized. The autotrophic microorganisms were mainly used for leaching sulfide ore， among which Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was the most widely used， and the leaching efficiency of mixed bacteria was higher than that of single bacteria. The heterotrophic microorganisms were mainly used to leach non-sulfide ore. The functions of silicate bacteria， Providencia and fungi in leached ore were discussed. The possible breakthroughs of highly efficient leaching microorganisms for the future were put forward. They mainly include in-situ domestication and isolation of functional microorganisms， construction and application of genetic engineering microorganisms， designation and optimization of specific culture， research and application of heterotrophic microorganisms， and co-metabolism regulation of bacteria and the development of microbial agents.