Calcitonin gene-related peptide and spinal afferents partly mediate postoperative colonic ileus in the rat

A phylogenetic tree of a gene family of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits was constructed using 84 nucleotide sequences of receptor subunits from 18 different species in order to elucidate the evolutionary origin of receptor subunits. The tree constructed showed that the common ancestor of all subunits may have appeared first in the nervous system. Moreover, we suggest that the alpha 1 subunits in the muscle system originated from the common ancestor of alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, alpha 5, alpha 6, and beta 3 in the nervous system, whereas the beta 1, gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits in the muscle system shared a common ancestor with the beta 2 and beta 4 subunits in the nervous system. Using the ratio (f) of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions to that of synonymous substitutions, we predicted the functional importance of subunits. We found that the alpha 1 and alpha 7 subunits had the lowest f values in the muscle and nervous systems, respectively, indicating that very strong functional constraints work on these subunits. This is consistent with the fact that the alpha 1 subunit has sites binding to the ligand, and the alpha 7-containing receptor regulates the release of the transmitter. Moreover, the window analysis of the f values showed that strong functional constraints work on the so-called M2 region in all five types of muscle subunits. Thus, the window analysis of the f values is useful for evaluating the degree of functional constraints in not only the entire gene region, but also the within-gene subregion.