Obese gene expression in porcine adipose tissue is reduced by food deprivation but not by maintenance or submaintenance intake

The wide distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and substance P (SP)-immunoreactive cell bodies, nerve terminals and corresponding receptors in pressor nuclei controlling emotion and stress implies that CRF and SP may play important roles in pressor responses of these nuclei; hence CRF or SP was microinjected into these nuclei respectively in Wistar male rats anesthetized with urethane to test this possibility. Microinjection of CRF into nucleus amygdaloideus centralis, nucleus paraventricularis, nucleus ventromedialis, lateral hypothalamus-perifornical region, periaqueductal gray matter, nucleus parabrachialis, locus coeruleus or rostral ventrolateral medulla respectively could evoke pressor responses (but CRF injection into nucleus dorsomedialis could not elicit significant pressor responses). Injection of substance P into all the above nuclei could also elicit hypertensive responses of different magnitudes, whereas normal saline injection into these nuclei had no effect. These results indicate that both CRF and SP in the above mentioned nuclei may play important roles in hypertension induced by prolonged emotional stress.