Aqueous ruthenium detection by microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Aqueous ruthenium was detected in real-time under ambient conditions using microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (MW-LIBS). A 10 mJ laser energy and 750 W microwave power were directed at an open liquid jet sample of ruthenium. It was observed that, for liquid flow, the coupling efficiency between the microwave and the laser-induced plasma was limited to 43%. The improvement in the ruthenium's signal-to-noise ratio with MW-LIBS, with respect to LIBS, was 76-fold. Based on MW-LIBS, the limit of detection for aqueous ruthenium was determined to be 957 ± 84 ppb.