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Effect of Flour Extraction Rate and Baking on Thiamine and Riboflavin Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Traditional Rye Bread
Authors:C Martinez-Villaluenga    A Michalska    J Frias    MK Piskula    C Vidal-Valverde    H Zieli&#;ski
Affiliation:Authors Martinez-Villaluenga, Frias, and Vidal-Valverde are with Inst. de Fermentaciones (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain. Authors Michalska, Piskula, and Zieliński are with Div. of Food Science, Inst. of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, P.O. Box 55, 10–747 Olsztyn 5, Poland. Direct inquiries to author Zieliński (E-mail: ).
Abstract:ABSTRACT:  The effect of rye flour extraction rates and baking on thiamine and riboflavin content, and antioxidant capacity of traditional rye bread were studied and compared with white wheat flour. The content of thiamine was higher (10.9%) in rye dough formulated with dark rye flour (F-100%; extraction rate of 100%) than in rye dough formulated with brown rye flour (F-92%; extraction rate of 92%) that was similar to dough made with wheat flour. The riboflavin content in rye dough made from flour F-100% was also higher (16%) than in dough formulated with flour F-92%, and both provided larger riboflavin content than wheat dough. Baking led to reductions in thiamine of 56% for wheat bread and of 20% for both rye breads; however, this process caused only a 10% decrease in riboflavin for wheat bread and a 30% decrease for rye breads. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, peroxyl radical scavenging capacity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity were higher in rye than in wheat dough and bread. Baking process produced slight changes in antioxidant activity, except for Superoxide Dismutase-like activity where a sharp decrease was observed. Our findings showed that rye breads are an important source of B vitamins and rye breads formulated with dark and brown flours showed better antioxidant properties than wheat bread. Therefore, rye breads should be more widely recommended in human nutrition.
Keywords:antioxidant capacity  bread  riboflavin  rye  thiamine
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