Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds After Herbivory from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium pratense</Emphasis> (L.) Under Laboratory and Field Conditions |
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Authors: | Rose N Kigathi Sybille B Unsicker Michael Reichelt Jürgen Kesselmeier Jonathan Gershenzon Wolfgang W Weisser |
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Affiliation: | 1.Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena,Jena,Germany;2.Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry,Jena,Germany;3.Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department,Mainz,Germany |
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Abstract: | Plants emit a wide range of volatile organic compounds in response to damage by herbivores, and many of the compounds have
been shown to attract the natural enemies of insect herbivores or serve for inter- and intra-plant communication. Most studies
have focused on volatile emission in the laboratory while little is known about emission patterns in the field. We studied
the emission of volatiles by Trifolium pratense (red clover) under both laboratory and field conditions. The emission of 24 compounds was quantified in the laboratory, of
which eight showed increased emission rates after herbivory by Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, including (E)-β-ocimene, the most abundant compound, (Z)-β-ocimene, linalool, (E)-β-caryophyllene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), 1-octen-3-ol, and methyl salicylate (MeSA). While most of these compounds
have been reported as herbivore-induced volatiles from a wide range of plant taxa, 1-octen-3-ol seems to be a characteristic
volatile of legumes. In the field, T. pratense plants with varying herbivore damage growing in established grassland communities emitted only 13 detectable compounds, and
the correlation between herbivore damage and volatile release was more variable than in the laboratory. For example, the emission
of (E)-β-ocimene, (Z)-β-ocimene, and DMNT actually declined with damage, while decanal exhibited increased emission with increasing herbivory.
Elevated light and temperature increased the emission of many compounds, but the differences in light and temperature conditions
between the laboratory and the field could not account for the differences in emission profiles. Our results indicate that
the release of volatiles from T. pratense plants in the field is likely to be influenced by additional biotic and abiotic factors not measured in this study. The elucidation
of these factors may be important in understanding the physiological and ecological functions of volatiles in plants. |
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