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美国天然气工业百余年的发展过程中,天然气定价方法也经历了一系列的演变并逐步完善。井口价格从全面控制到逐步放开再发展到今天的市场定价;由于天然气输配本身具有自然垄断性,管输价格和配气价格仍处于政府监管之下,天然气定价就分为市场定价和政府管制定价。合理的定价方法促进了天然气行业的发展。美国是目前世界上最大的、真正竞争性的天然气市场。中国应借鉴美国天然气定价的成功经验,结合我国天然气工业发展状况,对可以引入竞争的环节逐步运用合理的市场定价方法,对自然垄断领域逐步采用能促使管道公司和配气公司降低成本的定价方法,将市场定价和政府管制定价很好地结合起来,不断扩大天然气市场,促进天然气行业的健康发展。

RESEARCH ON THE GAS PRICES OF USA AND ITS ENLIGHTENMENT

The natural gas industry in USA has undergone a development history of more than 100 years. In the process of its development, the gas pricing methods are being perfected, having also undergone a series of evolution. From being overall controlled to being progressively opened, the well-head price has developed into the one priced by the markets at present. Because the gas transportation and distribution themselves are of natural monopolistic property, the pipeline transportation price and gas distribution price are still supervised by the government departments; and for this reason, the natural gas prices of USA can be divided into two parts, i.e. market prices and government-controlled prices. The reasonable pricing methods may promote the development in natural gas industry. Now the United States is the largest gas market in the world and also a really competitive market. The unprecedented opportunity and competition will be brought on for developing the natural gas industry in China by the "West to East Natural Gas Transmission". By using the successful experiences of pricing gas in USA for reference and in combination with conditions of developing the natural gas industry in China, it is pointed out that the reasonable market pricing methods should be progressively applied to these sectors into which the competitive mechanism may be introduced; and the pricing methods, of causing the costs of both pipeline company and gas distribution company to be reduced, should be adopted for some natural monopoly domains step by step. Only in well combining the market pricing with the government-controlled pricing to enlarge unceasingly the gas markets can the natural gas industry be healthily developed in China.