Environmental and social footprint of offshore wind energy. Comparison with onshore counterpart |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Lab of Soft Energy Applications & Environmental Protection, Piraeus University of Applied Science (PUAS), Greece;2. Optimisation of Production Systems Laboratory (PUAS), P.O. Box 41046, Athens 12201, Greece;1. Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands;2. IMARES, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, the Netherlands;1. Earthmind, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland;2. INRA, Laboratoire Montpelliérain d’Economie Théorique et Appliquée, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex, France;3. University of Copenhagen, Department of Food and Resource Economics and Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frb C, Denmark;1. Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;2. Marine Monitoring AB, 453 34 Lysekil, Sweden;1. University of Oregon, 1275 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1275, USA;2. United States Coast Guard Academy, USA;3. University of Rhode Island, USA |
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| Abstract: | Offshore wind power comprises a relatively new challenge for the international wind industry with a demonstration history of around twenty years and a ten-year commercial history for large, utility-scale projects. By comparison to other forms of electric power generation, offshore wind energy is generally considered to have relatively benign effects on the marine environment. However, offshore projects include platforms, turbines, cables, substations, grids, interconnection and shipping, dredging and associated construction activity. The Operation & Maintenance (O&M) activities include the transport of employees by vessel or helicopter and occasional hardware retrofits. Therefore, various impacts are incurred in the construction, operation and decommissioning phases; mainly the underwater noise and the impacts on the fauna. Based on the fact that in many of the aforementioned issues there are still serious environmental uncertainties, contradictive views and emerging research, the present work intents to provide a thorough literature review on the environmental and social impacts of offshore wind energy projects in comparison with the onshore counterparts. |
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| Keywords: | Offshore wind installations Environmental impacts Life cycle impacts Visual impact Bird fatalities Noise impact |
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