Void fraction measurement in steam–water two-phase flow using the gamma ray attenuation under high pressure and high temperature evaporating conditions

The void fraction is one of the most important parameters used to characterize gas–liquid two-phase flow, and a myriad of researchers have investigated it under the adiabatic flow conditions. The gamma ray attenuation is a frequently used non-intrusive method for measuring component volume fraction in gas–liquid two-phase flow system. In this paper, firstly, the influence of the various parameters and test conditions on the gamma ray attenuation have been completely examined, such as the calibration of Count Rate for pure gas and liquid phases, the influences of fluid temperature, phase changing point and fluid mass velocity, distance between gamma ray attenuation measuring instrument and experimental section etc. Secondly, the measurement of void fraction was taken in the vertically upward pipes under high pressure and high temperature evaporating conditions. The experimental results of void fraction were compared with the data in reference literature for measurement, the results from the gamma ray attenuation show good agreement with the literature for air–water two-phase flows, but for the evaporating conditions, a small number of compared data beyond the statistical approach for 90% of confidence interval due to some reasons, such as heat flux, the diameter of Taylor-bubbles, longitude of slugs etc. Finally, six predicted correlations from four groups were selected for comparing with the experimental data. The most of compared data were within the statistical approach for 85% of confidence interval. In general, the void fraction was rarely investigated and the available data was limited under high temperature and high pressure evaporating conditions. The investigations of present study are helpful to resolve the difficulties of measuring for gas–liquid two-phase flows concerning to the heated evaporating condition.