Aflatoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark;2. National Institute of Nutrition, 48 Tang Bat Ho Street, Hanoi, Vietnam;1. Institute for Global Food Security, Queen''s University Belfast, United Kingdom;2. The Nelson Mandela Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania;3. Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;4. Division of Epidemiology, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, United Kingdom;1. Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rua Engenheiro Alfredo Huck 475, 96201460, Rio Grande, Brazil;2. Estação experimental do arroz Pós-Colheita, Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz, Av. Bonifacio Carvalho Bernardes, 1494, 94.930-030, Cachoeirinha, RS, Brazil;1. UNA, UFR des Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Microbiologie des Aliments, 02 BP 801 Abidjan, Côte d''Ivoire;2. Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen''s University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5HN, UK;3. CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;4. INP-HB, Département Génie Chimique et Agro-alimentaire, Laboratoire des Procédés Industriels de Synthèse, de l''Environnement et des Énergies Nouvelles, BP 1313 Yamoussoukro, Côte d''Ivoire |
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| Abstract: | Mycotoxins in food are increasingly a food safety hazard concern in particular in developing countries. This study was performed to determine the occurrence and determinants of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in rice and maize and to assess health risks through dietary intake exposure among ethnic minority groups in northern Vietnam. A total of 111 rice and 102 maize samples, were tested for occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxins (AF’s) and fuminisin B (FB). Results showed that 107 (96.4%) rice and 84 (82.4%) maize samples were contaminated by fungi. Aspergillus flavus was found in 68 (61.3%) rice and 30 (29.4%) maize samples, Aspergilus parasiticus in 40 (36.0%) rice and 27 (26.7%) maize samples. AF’s - were detected in 27 rice (24.3%) and 27 maize samples (26.4%) at minimum and maximum levels in rice of 2.06 and 77.8 ng/g and 20.5 and 110 ng/g in maize, respectively. Nine (8.1%) rice and 24 (23.5%) maize samples contained FB at ranges of 2.3–624 ng/g in rice and 5.6–89.8 ng/g in maize. Data collected through interviews and observations in households showed that type of crop, storage duration and presence of fungi, particularly mycotoxigenic fungi were important risk factors for AF’s and FB contamination. Based on daily food consumption data, the estimated average exposure dose of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) from rice was 21.7 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 33.7 ng/kg bw/day for children. For FB, the rice based average exposure amounted to 536 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1019 ng/kg bw/day for children. The calculated excess risk of liver cancer incidence by ingestion of cereals containing AFB1 was 1.5 per 100,000 adults and 2.3 per 100,000 children per year. The average intake of FB was calculated to be lower than the tolerable diet intake (TDI). Our findings highlight that rice and maize are contaminated with mycotoxins at levels representing actual health hazards for the ethnic minority groups consuming these stable cereals. Proper drying and storage conditions in households are likely to reduce the mycotoxin contamination. |
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| Keywords: | Mycotoxins Ethnic minority groups Vietnam Liver cancer risk |
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