Effectiveness of pulsed light treatment for degradation and detoxification of aflatoxin B1 and B2 in rough rice and rice bran |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;2. USDA-ARS-Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA;3. School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China;4. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;5. Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China;1. College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang''an Avenue, Chang''an District, Xi''an 710119, China;2. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;3. State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;4. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt;5. Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS-WRRC, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA;1. Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rua Engenheiro Alfredo Huck 475, 96201460, Rio Grande, Brazil;2. Estação experimental do arroz Pós-Colheita, Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz, Av. Bonifacio Carvalho Bernardes, 1494, 94.930-030, Cachoeirinha, RS, Brazil;1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran;2. Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran;3. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;4. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Aflatoxins primarily accumulate in the hull and bran layers of rough rice making these by-products of rice milling unsuitable for animal feed or human consumption. Contaminated rough rice is also a potential source of aflatoxin exposure to workers handling the grain during post-harvest storage and processing. Currently, no technologies are available to remove or detoxify these toxic and mutagenic fungal metabolites from contaminated rough rice. Pulsed light (PL) is a novel technology with the potential to degrade and detoxify aflatoxins in foods and their processing by-products. Rough rice was inoculated with Aspergillus flavus to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and B2 (AFB2) contamination, followed by PL treatments of 0.52 J/cm2/pulse for various durations. A PL treatment time of 80 s reduced AFB1 and AFB2 in rough rice by 75.0% and 39.2%, respectively; while a treatment time of 15 s reduced AFB1 and AFB2 in rice bran by 90.3% and 86.7%, respectively. Since PL treatments result in the degradation of aflatoxins in situ, the toxicity and mutagenic activity of the residual by-products of AFB1 and AFB2 after PL treatment were evaluated. Toxicity was estimated using the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay and mutagenicity measured by the fluctuation test with Salmonella typhimurum tester strains TA98 and TA100. The mutagenic activity of AFB1 and AFB2 was completely eliminated by PL treatment, while the toxicity of these two aflatoxins was significantly decreased. The obtained results suggest that PL technology has a promising potential to degrade, detoxify, and inactivate the mutagenic activity of aflatoxins in rough rice and rice bran. |
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| Keywords: | Rice Pulsed light Degradation Aflatoxin Fluctuation test |
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