Mixed and ground KBr-impregnated calcined snail shell and kaolin as solid base catalysts for biodiesel production |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, Gr-38334 Volos, Greece;2. Department of Energy Technology Engineering, Technological & Educational Institute of Athens, Agiou Spiridonos 17, 12210 Athens, Greece;1. Yildiz Technical University, Naval Arch. and Marine Eng. Depart, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Turkish Naval Academy, Naval Arch. Depart, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey;1. State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;2. State Grid Jibei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao Power Supply Company, Qinhuangdao 066000, China;3. Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East DK-9220, Denmark;1. School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China;2. School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China |
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| Abstract: | Mixed and ground activated snail shell and kaolin catalysts impregnated with KBr were investigated. The snail shell and kaolin were calcined, mixed, and ground prior to immersion with KBr solution and subsequent activation at 500 °C for 3 h. The precursor and catalysts were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area. The catalytic performance of the prepared catalysts was evaluated by transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. The effects of various parameters on biodiesel yield were investigated. A biodiesel yield of 98.5% was achieved using the catalyst prepared by 40% KBr-immersed, mixed, and ground snail shell and kaolin, which were activated at 500 °C. The transesterification conditions were as follows: reaction temperature, 65 °C; reaction time, 2 h; methanol-to-soybean oil molar ratio, 6:1; and catalyst amount (relative to the weight of soybean oil), 2.0 wt%. The solid catalyst could be reused for four times, and biodiesel yield remained over 73.6% for the fourth time. |
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| Keywords: | Biodiesel Kaolin Snail shell KBr Transesterification |
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