Porous ceramics with tailored pore size and morphology as substrates for coral larval settlement |
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Authors: | Marieke M Hoog Antink Lisa Röpke Julia Bartels Christian Soltmann Andreas Kunzmann Kurosch Rezwan Stephen Kroll |
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Affiliation: | 1. Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany;2. Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) GmbH, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany;3. Novelpor UG, Huchtinger Heerstraße 47, 28259 Bremen, Germany;4. MAPEX – Centre for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;5. IfBB – Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Heisterbergallee 10A, 30453 Hannover, Germany |
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Abstract: | The growing demand for stony corals as ornamental aquarium animals requires defined aquacultural breeding strategies. For the sexual propagation of corals, material substrates are needed, that attract larvae and support their settlement and development. In this study, five types of highly porous ceramic materials were developed following the example of coral skeleton. The applicability of these settlement substrates was tested using larvae of the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis. Partial sintering of pressed clay pellets, freeze casting of clay and alumina-mullite based slurries and direct foaming of high alkane phase emulsified suspensions (HAPES) using alumina were employed. By the addition of mm-sized spherical polystyrene beads as sacrificial templates during freeze casting (alumina-mullite), superficial pores in the size of the larvae were created. The inorganic substrates featured open porosities between 35% (pressed clay) and 83% (foamed alumina), pore sizes ranging from nm to mm-scale and pore morphologies dominated by interparticle porosity (pressed), lamellar pores (freeze casting) and cellular pore types (direct foaming). The ceramic substrates were incubated in artificial sea water for 3 months to induce necessary biofilm formation and algae growth. Afterwards, individual substrates were exposed to 5 coral larvae, and their settlement behavior was monitored over 14 days. At the end of this period, all ceramic materials were successfully accepted as settlement substrates, with a mean settlement rate of 46.2%, and no significant differences between the substrate types. On samples with large surface superficial pores, a significantly reduced survival of settled larvae (79%) compared to the other porous materials (93–98%) was determined, suggesting a non-ideal surface topography. While alumina foam samples (HAPES) exhibit the most promising results in terms of settlement and survival of larvae, clay-based substrates provide a more economic solution for the sexual propagation of corals in aquaculture. |
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Keywords: | ANOVA Analysis of variance APD Anionic polyelectrolyte dispersant BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (analysis) CCA Calcareous coralline algae HAPES High alkane phase emulsified suspension HSD Honest significant difference SD Standard deviation SE Standard error SEM Scanning electron microscopy SLS Sodium lauryl sulfate SSA Specific surface area PAA Polyacrylic acid PSD Pore size distribution PVC Polyvinyl chloride RH Relative humidity RT Room temperature Coral aquaculture B Porosity Surfaces E Substrates |
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