Dietary krill oil increases docosahexaenoic acid and reduces 2-arachidonoylglycerol but not N-acylethanolamine levels in the brain of obese Zucker rats |
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Authors: | Vincenzo Di Marzo Mikko Griinari Gianfranca Carta Elisabetta Murru Alessia Ligresti Lina Cordeddu Elena Giordano Tiziana Bisogno Maria Collu Barbara Batetta Sabrina Uda Kjetil Berge Sebastiano Banni |
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Affiliation: | 1. Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy;2. CLANET ltd, Finland;3. Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Biologia Sperimentale, Cittadella Universitaria, S.S. 554, km. 4,500, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy;4. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;5. Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;6. Nutrisearch s.r.l., Parco scientifico e tecnologico “Polaris” Pula, Italy;7. Aker Biomarine ASA, Oslo, Norway;1. Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;2. INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;3. Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2;1. Unité de Recherche Aliment et Fonctionnalité des Produits Animaux (URAFPA), INRA USC 0340, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France;2. Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), UPR CNRS 3212, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France;1. INRA, USC1235, INSERM U1060, CarMeN laboratory, IMBL, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France;2. CRNH Rhône-Alpes, CENS, F-69600 Oullins, France;3. INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44316 Nantes, France;4. CNIEL, F-75314 Paris, France;5. INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1253 STLO, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’?uf, F-35042 Rennes, France;6. CETIOM, F-33600 Pessac, France;7. ITERG, F-33600 Pessac, France;8. IFIP, F-94700 Maisons Alfort, France;9. ACTILAIT, F-17700 Surgères, France;10. Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;11. INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;1. CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada;2. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada;3. Montreal Heart Institute, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada;1. Department of Comparative Biosciences, Urbana, IL 61802, United States;2. Department of Biochemistry, Urbana, IL 61801, United States;3. Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, United States;4. Beckman Institute for Advanced Science, Neuroscience Program, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States |
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Abstract: | Evidence suggests that dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), and particularly those belonging to the n-3 family, may influence the brain fatty acid profile and, thereby, the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids in rodents. However, the doses used are usually quite high and not comparable with human intake. Recently, we have shown that relatively low doses of dietary n-3 LCPUFAs (4 weeks), in the form of either fish or krill oil, balanced for EPA and DHA content, and against a control diet with no EPA and DHA and similar contents of oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids, lower the concentrations of the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), in the visceral adipose tissue, and of AEA in the liver and heart, of obese Zucker rats. This, in turn, is associated with lower levels of arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids and with amelioration of some metabolic syndrome parameters. We investigated here whether in Zucker rats, under the same conditions, fish and krill oil are also able to influence LCPUFA and endocannabinoid profiles in brain. Only krill oil was able to increase significantly DHA levels in brain phospholipids, with no changes in arachidonic acid. DHA increase was associated with lower levels of 2-AG in the brain, whereas AEA and its congeners, N-palmitoylethanolamine and N-oleoylethanolamine, were unchanged. We conclude that, despite the strong impact of dietary n-3 fatty acid on endocannabinoid levels previously observed in peripheral tissues, in the brain only 2-AG is affected by dietary krill oil, suggesting that the beneficial effect of the latter on the metabolic syndrome is mostly exerted by modifying peripheral endocannabinoids. Nevertheless, possible effects of dietary krill oil in the brain through modification of 2-AG levels deserve further investigation. |
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