Variation of indoxyl and cresol sulphates in milk protein commodities |
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| Authors: | Paul W. Johns Susan M. Fawcett Rosalyn R. Phillips Gaurav C. Patel |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, People''s Republic of China;2. Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, People''s Republic of China;3. Department of Nephrology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, People''s Republic of China;4. Department of Ultrasound, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medcine, Shanghai, People''s Republic of China;1. Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China;2. Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China;3. Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, 250012, China |
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| Abstract: | Indoxyl and cresol sulphates were determined in retail milk products and milk protein commodities. Indoxyl sulphate (IXS) and p-cresol sulphate/m-cresol sulphate (PCS/MCS) varied widely among the milk proteins (IXS: <0.10–3.74 mg kg?1 protein; PCS/MCS: <2–44.1 mg kg?1 protein), but were strongly correlated (r2 > 0.93), with PCS/MCS, on average, 11.3 ± 3.3 (n = 15) times IXS. IXS and PCS/MCS decreased with protein enrichment (from 57 to 83% protein) in a milk protein concentrate, indicating removal by the ultrafiltration process. In addition, the lowest IXS and PCS/MCS levels were found in the ultrafiltered commodities: milk protein concentrates, milk protein isolates, and whey protein concentrates. These data were consistent with the reduction of IXS and PCS/MCS in fat free milk by bench scale ultrafiltration. The distribution of cresol sulphates was approximated as 70% para-, 30% meta-, and <5% ortho-cresol sulphates. |
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