虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。

Research progress on the utilization of shrimp and crab shells

Shells are regarded as the main wastes during the processing of shrimp and crab, mainly contain protein, ash and chitin, and a small quantity of lipid, free amino acids and astaxanthin. In recent years, with the progress of aquaculture and fishing and the implementation of the seasonal fishing system, the yields of shrimp and crab increase steadily year by year. Therefore, the utilization of shrimp and crab shells and development of new technologies and new products of shrimp and crab shells, which improve the added value of products and reduce the environmental pollution, are critical to the healthy development of the shrimp and crab industry. At present, the main way of utilizing shrimp and crab shells is preparing chitin by the acid-alkali method, which is easy to operate, but consume too much energy and can cause environment pollution. As a result, researchers optimize the traditional acid-alkali method to prepare chitin, and explore new extraction methods such as enzymic method and fermentation method in recent years. Besides, the extraction and application of other available components (including protein, lipid, calcium and astaxanthin) in shrimp and crab shells also havemany achievements. This paper reviewed the composition of shrimp and crab shells, the research progress on the utilization of the whole shells or the extraction and utilization of the chitin, protein, lipid, calcium and astaxanthin of shells, in orderto provide reference to the high efficient, low cost, non-polluting and high value added utilization of shrimp and crab shells.