Reduction of high content of free fatty acid in sludge palm oil via acid catalyst for biodiesel production |
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Authors: | Adeeb HayyanMd Zahangir Alam Mohamed ES MirghaniNassereldeen A Kabbashi Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd HakimiYosri Mohd Siran Shawaluddin Tahiruddin |
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Affiliation: | a Bioenvironmental Engineering Research Unit (BERU), Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, Kuala Lumpur, 50728, Malaysiab Processing & Engineering, R&D Center-Downstream, Sime Darby Research Sdn Bhd. Lot 2664 Jalan Pulau Carey, 42960 Pulau Carey, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia |
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Abstract: | In this study, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) was used in the pretreatment of sludge palm oil for biodiesel production by an esterification process, followed by the basic catalyzed transesterification process. The purpose of the pretreatment process was to reduce the free fatty acids (FFA) content from high content FFA (> 23%) of sludge palm oil (SPO) to a minimum level for biodiesel production (> 2%). An acid catalyzed esterification process was carried out to evaluate the low content of FFA in the treated SPO with the effects of other parameters such as molar ratio of methanol to SPO (6:1-14:1), temperature (40-80 °C), reaction time (30-120 min) and stirrer speed (200-800 rpm). The results showed that the FFA of SPO was reduced from 23.2% to less than 2% FFA using 0.75% wt/wt of sulphuric acid with the molar ratio of methanol to oil of 8:1 for 60 min reaction time at 60 °C. The results on the transesterification with esterified SPO showed that the yield (ester) of biodiesel was 83.72% with the process conditions of molar ratio of methanol to SPO 10:1, reaction temperature 60 °C, reaction time 60 min, stirrer speed 400 rpm and KOH 1% (wt/wt). The biodiesel produced from the SPO was favorable as compared to the EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standard. |
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Keywords: | Biodiesel Sludge palm oil Esterification Free fatty acid Transesterification |
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