Toughening of thermoset polymers by rigid crystalline particles |
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Authors: | Jun Kyung Kim R E Robertson |
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Affiliation: | (1) Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, 48109 Ann Arbor, MI, USA |
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Abstract: | The toughening of an aromatic amine-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy with particles of crystalline polymers was
studied. The crystalline polymers were poly (butylene terephthalate), nylon 6, and poly(vinylidene fluoride). Nylon 6 and
poly(vinylidene fluoride) were found to toughen the epoxy about as well as did an equivalent amount of CTBN rubber. Poly(butylene
terephthalate) was found to toughen the epoxy about twice as well as did the rubber. The toughness of poly(butylene terephthalate)-epoxy
blends was independent of particle size for sizes in the range of tens of micrometres, but the toughness of the nylon 6-epoxy
blends decreased with increasing particle size for sizes smaller than about 40 μm. There was no loss of either Young's modulus
or yield strength of the epoxy with the inclusion of either nylon 6 or poly(butylene terephthalate) and less loss of these
with the inclusion of poly(vinylidene fluoride) than with the inclusion of rubber. Toughness seems to have arisen from a combination
of mechanisms. The poly(butylene terephthalate)-epoxy blends alone seem to have gained toughness from phase-transformation
toughening. Crack path alteration and the formation of steps and welts and secondary crack bridging seem to have accounted
for an especially large part of the fracture energy of the poly(vinylidene fluoride)-epoxy blends. Secondary crack nucleation
contributed to the toughness of the nylon 6-epoxy blends. |
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