Investigation of Properties of Motion of Superconductive Electrons in Superconductors by Nonlinear Quantum Mechanical Theory

The properties and rules of motion of superconductive electrons in steady and time-dependent non-equilibrium states of superconductors are studied by using the Ginzberg-Landau (GL) equations and nonlinear quantum theory. In the absence of external fields, the superconductive electrons move in the solitons with certain energy and velocity in a uniform system, The superconductive electron is still a soliton under action of an electromagnetic field, but its amplitude, phase and shape are changed. Thus we conclude that super- conductivity is a result of motion of soliton of superconductive electrons. Since soliton has the feature of motion for retaining its energy and form, thus a permanent current occurs in superconductor. From these solutions of GL equations under action of an electromagnetic field, we gain the structure of vortex lines-magnetic flux lines observed experimentally in type-II superconductors. In the time-dependent non- equilibrium states of superconductor, the motions of superconductive electrons exhibit still the soliton features, but the shape and amplitude have changed. In an invariant electric-field, it moves in a constant acceleration. In the medium with dissipation, the superconductive electron behaves still like a soliton, although its form, amplitude, and velocity are altered. Thus we have to convince that the superconductive electron is essentially a soliton in both non-equilibrium and equilibrium superconductors.