Extrusion cooking of grains for ethanol production

Ethanol produced by fermentation was used in the past and is still used as an extender or replacer of fossil fuel. Extrusion cooking of cereal grains or starches is a flexible processing method which is capable of producing precooked starches and flours having a wide variety of functional properties. Rheological properties of starch are emphasised in this paper. Extrusion-cooked substrates for fermentation into alcohol produce a high alcohol yield, and have a short conversion time. The extrusion cooking of cereals has low energy requirements.