Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from feedlot livestock in eight provinces of China |
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Authors: | Ling Zhao Yuan Hua Dong Hui Wang |
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Affiliation: | State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, People's Republic of China |
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Abstract: | The residue levels of selected fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines in 143 animal dung samples collected in 2007 from large-scale livestock and poultry feedlots in 8 provinces were determined by using ultrasonic extraction and liquid chromatography. Recoveries from spiked pig dung samples (spike level = 1 mg/kg) ranged from 73.9 to 102.0% for fluoroquinolones, from 81.6 to 92.3% for sulfonamides, and from 57.2 to 72.6% for tetracyclines. Relative standard deviations of the recoveries were less than 10% within the same day. Method quantification limits were measured from 0.031 to 0.150 mg/kg for fluoroquinolones, from 0.023 to 0.082 mg/kg for sulfonamides, and 0.091 to 0.182 mg/kg for tetracyclines in spiked pig manure samples. Analysis of 61 pig, 54 chicken and 28 cow dung samples collected in China revealed that in pig and cow dung, up to 33.98 and 29.59 mg/kg ciprofloxacin, 33.26 and 46.70 mg/kg enrofloxacin, 59.06 and 59.59 mg/kg oxytetracycline, and 21.06 and 27.59 mg/kg chlortetracycline could be detected, respectively. A maximum concentration of 99.43 mg/kg fleroxacin, 225.45 mg/kg norfloxacin, 45.59 mg/kg ciprofloxacin and 1420.76 mg/kg enrofloxacin could be detected in chicken dung. No appreciable sulfonamide antibiotic concentrations (less than 10 mg/kg) were found in any animal dung, and only sulfadimidine was observed, at a maximum concentration of 6.04 mg/kg, in chicken dung. Both enrofloxacin and chlortetracycline were detected with a very high occurrence in three animal manure samples. The residue levels for most antibiotics showed significant statistical differences among the sampling districts and the animal species. |
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Keywords: | VAs, veterinary antibiotics FQs, fluoroquinolones SAs, sulfonamides TCs, tetracyclines Fl, fleroxacin Nor, norfloxacin Cip, ciprofloxacin Lome, lomefloxacin Dano, danofloxacin Enro, enrofloxacin Difl, difloxacin as its hydrochloride SG, sulfaguanidine SA, sulfanilamide SD, sulfadiazine SM1, sulfamerazine SM2, sulfadimidine SMM, sulfamonomethoxine SCP, sulfachloropyridazine SMZ, sulfamethoxazole OTC, oxytetracycline CTC, chlortetracycline MC, methacycline as its hydrochloride DC, doxycycline as its hydrochloride HPLC, high performance liquid chromatographic MeOH, methanol ACN, acetonitrile FLD, Waters 2475 fluorescence detector PAD, Waters 2996 photodiode array detector LOD, limits of detection for the instrument LOQ, limits of quantification for the instrument MQL, the method quantification limit USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency |
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