全球地壳隆坳演化与盆地

地球地壳在多种地应力,包括挤压应力、拉张应力及扭动应力作用下,产生抬升隆起或沉降坳陷及走滑。由于构造运动造成地壳隆起和坳陷,导致海陆变迁。地球在地质历史演化过程中,地壳隆起成为造山带或隆起区;坳陷变成为各种类型盆地。全球盆地可分为5大类型,即裂陷-克拉通盆地、克拉通内坳陷盆地、前陆盆地、断陷盆地和坳陷盆地;全球构造主要有8大变形样式,即东西向构造变形样式、南北向构造变形样式、北东向构造变形样式、北北东向构造变形样式、北西向构造变形样式、山字型构造变形样式、S型或反S型构造变形样式和旋扭构造变形样式。中国古生代克拉通盆地油气主要分布于古隆起、古斜坡、区域性不整合及断裂带等处;中新生代断陷盆地油气主要分布在陡坡带、缓坡带和中央构造带等部位;中新生代前陆盆地油气分布在断褶带、斜坡带及逆掩带;各类扭动构造,如帚状构造、雁列构造、旋扭状构造、反S型构造、入字型构造等控制着油气的分布。

Evolution of global crustal uplift and subsidence and basins

The earth's crust is under various stresses including compressive stress, tensile stress and torsional stress, resulting in uplift, subsidence, depression and strike-slip. The tectonic movement caused uplifts and depressions in the crust, leading to changes in the land and sea. During the geological evolution history, the crust uplifted into orogenic belts or uplift areas, while depressions changed to various types of basins. Global basins can be divided into five major types, namely rift-craton, intracratonic depression, foreland, fault and depression ones. There are eight major deformation styles in the global structure, namely, east-west, north-south, north-east, north-north-east, north-west, epsilon-shaped, S- or reversed-S shaped, and twisted ones. Oil and gas in the Paleozoic cratonic basins of China are mainly distributed in paleo-uplifts, paleo-slopes, regional unconformities, and fault zones. In Mesozoic and Cenozoic faulted basins, oil and gas are mainly distributed in steep slopes, gentle slopes, and central structural belts. In Mesozoic and Cenozoic foreland basins, oil and gas are distributed in fault fold belts, slope belts and overthrust belts. Various twisted structures, such as broom-shaped, echelon, knob-shaped, reversed S-shaped, and λ-shaped ones, control oil and gas distribution.