Pathology of olfactory mucosa in patients with Alzheimer''s disease

Radiographs of hand and hip joints of 15 hemodialysis patients taken annually over at least 15 years were evaluated in this retrospective study. We looked for signs of A beta 2M-amyloidosis such as lucencies, erosions, and soft tissue swelling. The femoral head-soft tissue distance (FHSTD) was used to estimate the soft tissue swelling of the hips. The number and size of lucencies, the number of erosions, and the FHSTD increased during dialysis. Both hyperparathyroidism and failure of renal allograft transplantation influenced the development of lucencies and erosions after 15 years. The FHSTD at the start of the dialysis appeared to be an independent prognostic factor for the lucencies of the hips and hands. We conclude that the radiological signs of A beta 2M-amyloidosis are influenced not only by the duration of dialysis, but also by age, failure of renal transplantation, hyperparathyroidism and the FHSTD at the start of dialysis.