Defect of cell-mediated immune response against hepatitis B virus: an indication for pathogenesis of hepatitis-B-virus-associated membranous nephropathy

The purpose of this study was the discrimination of porcine bone marrow hematopoietic cell (BMHC) subpopulations and cell maturation stages by using cluster of differentiation (CD) and Swine Workshop Cluster (SWC) molecules, combined with cell size, granularity, and the capacity to generate an oxidative burst. SWC3 was the earliest myeloid marker identified in the differentiation pathways. Through SWC3/SWC8 double labeling, three populations committed to the myeloid lineage were discriminated: early myeloid progenitors, which were SWC3lowSWC8-; cells committed to the granulocytic lineage, which were SWC3+SWC8+; monocytic cells, which were SWC3+(-)SWC8-. The SWC3lowSWC8- myeloid progenitors expressed high levels of CD44 and CD49d, but no CD14. Among the SWC3+SWC8+ granulocytic cells, the most immature were CD14-CD11a/18-CD44low, an intermediate stage was CD14+CD11a/18lowCD44-, and the most mature were CD14+CD11a/18high-CD44high. Only the latter could generate a rapid oxidative burst. Moreover, during granulocytic maturation, a constant decrease in CD49d/29 expression was observed. In contrast, the SWC3+SWC8- monocytic cells were mainly CD14+ and expressed high levels of the adhesion molecules. These results define porcine hematopoietic differentiation and maturation stages. Similarities in human and porcine adhesion molecule expression have been identified, suggesting common functionalities in the regulation of hematopoiesis and the potential of the pig as a model for hematopoietic studies.