3，4-二硝基吡唑(DNP)的研究进展

随着武器装备的不断发展，对弹药能量和安全性的要求也越来越高，传统TNT基熔铸炸药存在易损性差、长期储存渗油、爆轰性能不理想等缺点，已不能满足当前不敏感弹药的发展要求；因此,研究炸药的新型载体是当前熔铸炸药发展的一个重要方向。3，4-二硝基吡唑(DNP)是一种新型的熔铸炸药载体。根据国内外的相关报道，阐述了DNP的合成方法、基本性能、机械感度、热安全性、相容性、应用性等研究发展现状。研究结果表明:目前，经N-硝化、热重排、C-硝化三步法合成DNP的工艺更加稳定，得率较高；DNP的熔点为86.5 ℃，理论密度为1.87 g/cm³，实测爆速为7 633 m/s（ρ=1.65 g/cm³），爆热为4 326 kJ/kg，理论爆压为28.7 GPa；DNP的机械感度与TNT相当，具有较好的机械安全性；DNP热分解分两个阶段，第一阶段分解放热峰为319.8 ℃，第二阶段分解放热峰为407.2 ℃，与TNT和DNTF相比，DNP的热分解峰温高，热安定性好；DNP与RDX、HMX、CL-20、Al、AP、微晶蜡具有较好的相容性，可以与这些组分组成混合炸药，具有广泛的适用性。

Research Progress of 3,4-Dinitropyrazole (DNP)

With the continuous development of weapons and equipment, the energy efficiency and safety for ammunition are also highly required. Traditional TNT based melt cast explosives have some disadvantages, such as poor vulnerability, oil leakage over long-term storage, and unsatisfactory detonation performance, which cannot meet the development requirements of current insensitive ammunition. Development of melt casting explosives is an important objective in new carrier explosives research. 3,4-Dinitropyrazole (DNP) is a new type of explosive carrier, according to the related reports at home and abroad, the synthesis method, basic properties, mechanical sensitivity, thermal safety, compatibility and application of DNP were reviewed. The results show that the synthesis process of DNP by N-nitrification, thermal rearrangement and C-nitrification is more reliant and the yield is higher. Melting point of DNP is 86.5 ℃, theoretical density is 1.87 g/cm³, actual explosion speed is 7 633 m/s (ρ=1.65 g/cm³), explosion heat is 4 326 kJ/kg, and the theoretical explosion pressure is 28.7 GPa. Mechanical sensitivity of DNP is equal to that of TNT, but with better mechanical safety. Thermal decomposition of DNP can be divided into two stages. The first stage is 319.8 ℃, and the second stage is 407.2 ℃. Compared with TNT and DNTF, thermal decomposition peak temperature of DNP is higher, thus its thermal stability is superior. DNP has good compatibility with RDX, HMX, CL-20, Al, AP and microcrystalline wax. It can be mixed with these components that results in a variety of applicability. It shows that DNP is a kind of melting and casting carrier explosive with great application potential, which should be further studied. Finally, the future research direction of DNP is prospected and analyzed.