B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), interleukin-12 and transforming growth factor-beta mRNA expression in CSF and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients

Injection of formalin into the hind paw of mice produced a biphasic nociceptive response consisting of immediate (first-phase) and tonic (second-phase) components. Although the duration of the first-phase response was significantly longer in diabetic mice than in nondiabetic mice, the second phase was significantly shorter in diabetic mice. The first-phase response was dose-dependently and significantly reduced by pretreatment with calphostin C (0.3 to 3 pmol, i.t.), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, in diabetic mice. The second-phase response was markedly increased when diabetic mice were pretreated with calphostin C. However, calphostin C (3 nmol, i. t.) had no significant effect on either the first-phase or second-phase response in nondiabetic mice. On the other hand, pretreatment with phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (50 pmol, i.t.), a protein kinase C activator, significantly enhanced the first-phase response in nondiabetic mice. These results suggest that the change in the formalin-induced nociceptive response in diabetic mice may be due, at least in part, to the modification of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord by the activation of protein kinase C.