The topographical relationship between two neuronal mosaics in the short wavelength-sensitive system of the primate retina

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from the anterior pituitary is predominantly regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) synthesized in neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Secretion of ACTH occurs in pulsatile bursts. To explore the relationship between hypothalamic control and the pulsatile pattern of ACTH secretion, we measured ACTH in 2 min blood samples over 4 h in rats with intact and lesioned PVN during hypovolemic-stress or control conditions and also measured median eminence (ME) levels of CRH, AVP, and oxytocin (OT). Mean plasma ACTH was highest in the sham lesioned-hypovolemic group, lowest in the sham lesioned-control group and intermediate in the two PVN-lesioned groups. CRH in the ME was negligible in the lesioned animals and correlated with OT and AVP. Pulsatile secretion was observed despite PVN ablation. Visual inspection of composite time series suggested different temporal patterns of ACTH secretion. Principal components analysis of the individual ACTH time series revealed three significant eigenvectors which correlated differentially with the three treatment groups. Neither lesioned group had the steep rise over 10 min seen in plasma ACTH in the non-lesioned groups. Delayed ACTH rise after 30-60 min occurred in all but the sham control group. Our data suggest that CRH is responsible for immediate secretion of ACTH in response to hypovolemic stress and that regulators from non-PVN sites may be responsible for more delayed secretion of ACTH in this setting. The persistence of ME AVP and OT levels in the face of > 90% reduction in ME CRH levels leaves open the question of a role for one or both of these peptides in the delayed ACTH response following stress onset and in the generation of pulsatile ACTH secretory bursts.