Study of the interfacial reactions between a bioactive apatite–mullite glass–ceramic coating and titanium substrates using high angle annular dark field transmission electron microscopy |
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| Authors: | Kenneth T Stanton Kevin P O’Flynn Shohei Nakahara Jean-François Vanhumbeeck John M Delucca Bobby Hooghan |
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| Affiliation: | (1) School of Electrical, Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;(2) MSSI & Department of Physics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland;(3) Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;(4) Unité PCIM, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;(5) LSI Corp., Allentown, PA, USA;(6) Ovonyx Technologies Inc., 2956 Waterview Drive, Rochester Mills, MI 48309, USA |
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| Abstract: | Glass of generic composition SiO2 · Al2O3 · P2O5 · CaO · CaF2 will crystallise predominantly to apatite and mullite upon heat-treatment. Such ceramics are bioactive, osseoconductive,
and have a high resistance to fracture. As a result, they are under investigation for use as biomedical device coatings, and
in particular for orthopaedic implants. Previous work has shown that the material can be successfully enamelled to titanium
with an interfacial reaction zone produced during heat treatment. The present study uses high angle annular dark field transmission
electron microscopy (HAADF-TEM) to conduct a detailed examination of this region. Results show evidence of complex interfacial
reactions following the diffusion of titanium into an intermediate layer and the production of titanium silicides and titanium
phosphides. These results confirm previously hypothesised mechanisms for the bonding of silicate bioceramics with titanium
alloys. |
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