Expression of glyoxylate cycle genes in cucumber roots responds to sugar supply and can be activated by shading or defoliation of the shoot

Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) are short peptides required for nuclear transport of karyophilic proteins. We review in this paper how the nuclear targeting property of NLS peptides has been taken advantage of to enhance the efficiency of nuclear uptake of transgene DNA in zebrafish and how it may improve the efficiency of transgenesis in this species. Synthetic NLS peptides can bind to plasmid DNA by ionic interactions. Cytoplasmic injection of DNA-NLS complexes in zebrafish eggs enhances the rate and the amount of plasmid DNA taken up by embryonic nuclei. Nuclear import of DNA-NLS complexes has been duplicated in vitro and exhibits energetic and cytosolic requirements similar to those for nuclear protein import. Furthermore, binding NLSs to DNA increases expression frequency of the transgene. We suggest that NLS peptides may constitute a valuable tool to improve the efficiency of transgenesis in zebrafish and other species.