Cancer cells isolated from malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions inhibit phospholipase A2 activity in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Although episiotomy is one of the most commonly performed surgeries, little scientific support exists for this procedure. Furthermore, the suggested advantages of routine episiotomy are challenged easily and the surgery is not without risks. Adverse effects arising from episiotomy include an increased incidence of severe lacerations, blood loss, pain, delayed healing, dyspareunia, psychologic trauma, and medical cost. Nurses can assist women in avoiding perineal trauma resulting from unnecessary episiotomy through patient education, patient advocacy, and direct care.