Changes in oxygen saturation and transcutaneous carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in patients undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy

Though women have a lower absolute risk of disease than men at all ages, almost all the risk factors for cardiovascular disease carry the same or higher relative risk for women as for men. Moreover, the attributable risk is higher in older women than in men. Epidemiologic studies show that recent decreases in coronary heart disease mortality are in some cases greater among women than men. Interventional studies show that women appear to have as good or better a response than men to cholesterol-lowering in secondary prevention. Antihypertensive drug therapy is effective in preventing clinical endpoints in elderly women. These observations imply that an overall estimation of cardiovascular risk in women needs careful consideration. Because established therapies appear to be effective in high risk women, postmenopausal and probably also elderly women are important target groups for preventive efforts. The value of prevention for premenopausal women should not be underestimated, but should on the whole be approached through population-based strategies.