Anoxic growth of phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems

In this paper, research on the growth performance of phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) was conducted based on literature and experimental investigations on biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge (BNRAS) systems. The research aims at presenting the occurrence of denitrifying PAOs (DPAOs), abstracting information on the kinetics and stoichiometry of PAOs under anoxic conditions and determining the conditions that stimulate the PAO growth under anoxic conditions. The research results indicate that the PAOs are capable of utilizing nitrate as electron acceptor instead of oxygen in BNRAS systems, particularly in external nitrification BNRAS (ENBNRAS) systems. However, the growth yield of PAOs under anoxic conditions should be reduced to about 70% of that under aerobic conditions, and further the stoichiometric coefficient for anoxic P uptake per PHB COD utilized should be reduced to about 80% of that under aerobic conditions as the DPAOs show a significantly lower BEPR performance and use the influent RBCOD less "efficiently" compared with aerobic PAOs (APAOs). The research results also indicate that the major factor influencing the occurrence of DPAOs and associated anoxic P uptake is the nitrate load into the anoxic reactor, i.e. the nitrate load should be large enough or exceeds the denitrification potential of ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHOs), i.e. non-PAO organisms in the anoxic reactor to stimulate DPAOs in the system as the specific denitrification rate of OHOs (K'2 OHO) is significantly larger than that of PAOs (K'2 PAO). In terms of this competition, if the nitrate load into the main anoxic reactor is less than the denitrification potential of OHOs, then the OHOs will outcompete PAOs for using the limited nitrate, while if the nitrate load in the main anoxic reactor exceeds the denitrification potential of OHOs, then the PAOs would have opportunities to use the "excess" nitrate and so develop in the system. The other factors that influence DPAOs include the system aerobic mass fraction, sequence of reactors and frequency of sludge alternation between the aerobic and anoxic states. Although it does appear that these factors above may significantly influence the fraction of DPAOs (etaG), the quantitative relationship between these factors and etaG is not known, and the experimental observations indicate that this will be system-specific, and require calibration for each situation.