Sodium dl-α-tocopheryl phosphate inhibits ultraviolet-induced production of reactive nitrogen species in human keratinocytes

The phenomenon of aging can broadly be categorized into photoaging caused by exogenous factors and physiological aging that is caused by endogenous factors. Our goal was to develop a non-invasive way to assess changes taking place inside the skin for each type of aging, photoaging and physiological aging, by using near-infrared diffuse reflectance (NIR-DR) spectroscopy. For the photoaging and physiological aging effects, the outer forearm (sun-exposed) and the inner upper arm (sun-protected) skin areas were studied in eighty-six females from twenty-three to sixty-nine years of age. Measurements were made using NIR-DR and subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA); the results suggested the possibility of distinguishing and quantifying both types of aging taking place inside the skin by using the 1670–1820 nm and 2000–2230 nm regions of NIR-DR spectra. In photoaging, structural changes in proteins occur which are reflected in the NIR-DR spectra in the form of a peak shift near 2050 nm that is due to a combination of amide A and amide II. On the other hand, physiological aging is associated with a change in collagen quantity as is reflected in the portion of the NIR-DR spectra assigned to protein. Using NIR-DR and PCA, we discovered the possibility of using a non-invasive method for assessing the degree of photoaging and physiological aging as degeneration and degradation.
Key words:  photoaging, physiological aging, non-invasive, NIR-DR, PCA, peak shift, a combination of amide A and amide II, protein, degeneration, degradation.