Production of pharmaceuticals: Amines from alcohols in a continuous flow fixed bed catalytic reactor |
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Authors: | Gareth W. Lamb Firas A. Al Badran Jonathan M.J. Williams Stan T. Kolaczkowski |
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Affiliation: | a Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK;b Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK |
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Abstract: | This paper reports the use of an immobilised ruthenium complex in a continuous flow process for the N-alkylation of morpholine with benzyl alcohol. The ruthenium-based catalyst was supported on a phosphine bound polymer. Screening experiments were first performed in a batch reactor, with a 16 vol% mixture of morpholine and benzyl alcohol (stoichiometric molar ratio of 1:1) in toluene as the solvent. Operating at 110 °C for 24 h, it was shown that high conversions (>99%) into the desired tertiary amine could be achieved. This reaction was then shown to be viable in a continuous flow reactor, where the catalytic polymer beads were retained in the bed. Operating at 150 °C and using p-xylene as a solvent, the conversion into the desired tertiary amine was shown to be as high as 98%. This approach is clearly very promising, as it provides a greener and more atom efficient route for the production of secondary and tertiary amines in the pharmaceutical industry. |
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Keywords: | Continuous pharmaceutical processing Production of amines N-Alkylation of amines using alcohols Borrowing hydrogen Morpholine |
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