Non-destructive evaluation of apple maturity using an electronic nose system |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;2. Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;3. Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;1. Beijing Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;2. National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;3. Key Laboratory of Agri-informatics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;4. Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment Technology for Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China;1. College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;2. College of Biological Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China;3. School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China;4. Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China;1. Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, C.P. 07738 Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico;2. Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad, Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico;3. Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, C.P. 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico;1. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand;2. The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | Currently, random and destructive sampling techniques are used to evaluate apple quality. Thus there is need to develop a non-destructive technique to assess apple quality. Maturity indices such as starch index and puncture strength were used to categorize Gala apples into three maturity groups referred to as immature, mature and over mature fruits. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) of the electronic nose (EN) sensor data indicated that there were different maturity groups (Wilks’ Lambda F = 3.7, P < 0.0001). From the Discriminant analysis (DA), EN could effectively categorize Gala apples into the three maturity groups with the correct classification percentage of 83%. |
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