女性职业发展中的生育惩罚

两性在劳动力市场的差异是性别不平等的重要体现，也会加剧其他领域的性别不平等。其中，生育惩罚是指女性在劳动力市场中由于生育事件带来的负面影响，能解释相当部分劳动力市场中的两性差异。尽管这一领域的研究历时悠久，但一直缺乏系统化的梳理。本文回顾了国内外研究，对不同时代、不同区域的生育惩罚进行量化，探讨了个人、家庭和政策层面影响生育惩罚的主要因素，特别就中国的情况进行了分析说明。本文强调生育与生产的矛盾，将关于生育惩罚产生的机制梳理为家庭制约论、人力资本论和雇主歧视论三个方面，并从劳动力市场的供需两侧，提出通过赋能女性和创造机会的方式平衡家庭和工作，最终减轻生育惩罚的方法。文末给出了具体的政策建议，并就若干开放性议题进行了讨论。

Motherhood Penalty in Career Development

The gender gap in labor market is an important issue in gender inequality. It will also enlarge gender differences in other fields. Among them, motherhood penalty refers to the negative impacts of the birth event on women career development, which could explain a considerable part of the gender gap within labor market. Although extensive studies have been accomplished, a comprehensive landscape of this domain has not yet been built. In this survey, the related progresses, including the quantification and comparison of motherhood penalty in different times and regions are presented and the main factors affecting the strength of motherhood penalty from the individual, family and political perspectives are discussed, where the emphasis is put on Chinese situations. Concentrating on the contradiction between labor and labor, this survey summarizes the known explanations into three different yet related theories: family restriction theory, human capital theory and employer discrimination theory. From the supply and demand sides of the labor market, we suggest two ways, namely empowering women and creating opportunities, to help women balance their family and working duties. Lastly, we propose political recommendations and outline a number of open issues for future researches.