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Effect of physical activation/surface functional groups on wettability and electrochemical performance of carbon/activated carbon aerogels based electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Engineering and Computing, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom;2. Wroclaw University of Science & Technology, Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland;1. Beijing University of Chemical Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Chaoyang District, North Third Ring Road on the 15th, Beijing, China;2. Beijing Union University, College of Arts and Science, Chaoyang District, North Fourth Ring Road on the 97th, Beijing, China;1. Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy;2. CNR-ICMATE, INSTM, Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131, Padova, Italy;3. Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland;1. School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China;2. Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China;3. Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, China;1. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China;2. College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China;3. Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China;4. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China;5. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China;6. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, China;7. School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China;8. Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA;1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;2. E.ON Technology Centre, Ratcliffe on Soar, Nottinghamshire NG11 0EE, UK;3. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, PR China;1. Institute of Energy Resources, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050081, China;2. Hebei Engineering Research Center for Water Saving in Industry, Shijiazhuang 050081, China;3. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300000, China |
| Abstract: | Polymeric carbon/activated carbon aerogels were synthesized through sol-gel polycondensation reaction followed by the carbonization at 800 °C under Argon (Ar) atmosphere and subsequent physical activation under CO2 environment at different temperatures with different degrees of burn-off. Significant increase in BET specific surface area (SSA) from 537 to 1775 m2g−1 and pore volume from 0.24 to 0.94 cm3g−1 was observed after physical activation while the pore size remained constant (around 2 nm). Morphological characterization of the carbon and activated carbons was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate the effect of thermal treatment (surface cleaning) on the chemical composition of carbon samples.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to analyse the capacitive and resistive behaviour of non-activated/activated/and surface cleaned activated carbons employed as electroactive material in a two electrode symmetrical electrochemical capacitor (EC) cell with 6 M KOH solution used as the electrolyte.CV measurements showed improved specific capacitance (SC) of 197 Fg−1 for activated carbon as compared to the SC of 136 Fg−1 when non-activated carbon was used as electroactive material at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1. Reduction in SC from 197 Fg−1 to 163 Fg−1 was witnessed after surface cleaning at elevated temperatures due to the reduction of surface oxygen function groups.The result of EIS measurements showed low internal resistance for all carbon samples indicating that the polymeric carbons possess a highly conductive three dimensional crosslinked structure. Because of their preferred properties such as controlled porosity, exceptionally high specific surface area, high conductivity and desirable capacitive behaviour, these materials have shown potential to be adopted as electrode materials in electrochemical capacitors. |
| Keywords: | Carbon aerogels Surface functional groups Physical activation Cyclic voltammetry (CV) Electrochemical capacitors (EC's) Electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) EC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0045"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Electrochemical capacitor CV"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0055"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Cyclic voltammetry EIS"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0065"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy SC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0075"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Specific capacitance EDLC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0085"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Electric double layer capacitor PC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0095"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Pseudocapacitor RC"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0105"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Redox supercapacitor R"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0115"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Resorcinol F"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0125"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Formaldehyde SSA"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0135"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Specific surface area PSD"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0145"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Pore size distribution XRD"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0155"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"X-ray diffraction FTIR"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0165"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy XPS"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0175"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy BET"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0185"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Brunauer–Emmett–Teller Sur-C"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"kwrd0195"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"Surface cleaned |
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