Particle Shape and Size Effects on Anisotropic Shrinkage in Tape-Cast Ceramic Layers

The particle shape of a commercial low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) composite powder was determined quantitatively in the as-received and milled state using a new particle image analyzer. All grades of the milled powder with average particle sizes of 3.0, 2.4, and 1.8 μm, respectively, exhibit a considerable stretched particle shape, because 40% of their particles have circularity values below 0.95. On the basis of the fast particle image analyzer, the influence of the raw materials on particle alignment during tape casting was investigated using "design of experiments" (DOE). In the cast LTCC green tapes, the degree of particle orientation was measured and correlated with the information from the particle shape analyses and with other material and process factors from the DOE. The results showed that the degree of particle alignment correlates significantly with the measured particle shape and size; more than 80% of the particles were oriented in the casting direction if their shape factor was below 0.5. The particle orientation causes shrinkage anisotropy. The use of a coarser LTCC powder with an average particle size d ₅₀ of 3.0 μm instead of 1.8 μm increased the sintering anisotropy factor of LTCC tapes and laminates significantly from 1.0% to 1.85% and from 3.6% to 7.6%, respectively. The use of more binder or less solvent led to higher shrinkage anisotropies too. The casting velocity showed only a minor effect on the degree of particle orientation and sintering anisotropy, which is due to the shorter shearing period in which particle rotation can take place.