Highly selective hierarchical ZSM-5 from kaolin for catalytic cracking of Calophyllum inophyllum oil to biofuel |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia;2. Department of Chemistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia;3. Division of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia;4. Department of Agroindustrial Technology, FATETA-IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia;5. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia;6. Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jl. Tungku Link, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam;1. Department of Agroindustrial Technology, FATETA-IPB, Darmaga Campus, P.O. Box 220, Bogor 16002, Indonesia;2. Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 4 allée Émile Monso, BP 44362, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, FTI-ITB, Ganesha 10 Road, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;1. National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Klong 1, Klongluang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand;2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand;1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia;2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Papua, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, 98314, Indonesia;1. State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, PR China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China;3. United Research Center for Resource and Materials, Wuhai 016000, PR China;1. Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, Hunan, PR China;2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;3. Hunan Provincial Water Resources Bureau, Changsha 410007, Hunan, PR China;4. Michigan Technological University, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Houghton, MI 49932, USA |
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| Abstract: | Upgrading the inferior properties of Calophyllum inophyllum oil via catalytic cracking into biofuel required a porous heterogeneous acid catalysts. Hierarchical ZSM-5 (Hi-ZSM-5(K)) produced from desilication of kaolin-derived ZSM-5 was employed as catalyst and the activity was compared with hierarchical ZSM-5 obtained from templating method (Hi-ZSM-5(T)). Catalytic cracking of Calophyllum inophyllum oil was carried out in one-pot reaction at 475 °C for 120 min under the flow of H2 and the products analysed using GC-MS were consisted of the mixtures of alkane, alkene, oxygenated carbon and aromatics compound. The advantages of desilication method for the formation of highly selective hierarchical ZSM-5 was observed when the catalyst exhibited enhanced acidity with mesopores diameter of 2–5 nm to give 93% conversion and high selectivity towards light C7–C9 hydrocarbons. However, Hi-ZSM-5(T) showed low acidity to give only 43% conversion, and selectivity towards C11–C12 hydrocarbons due to the mesopores diameter of 3–12 nm. The activity of hierarchical ZSM-5 was also compared with microporous ZSM-5 that produced biofuel with approximately equal distribution of C5–C18 hydrocarbons. The role of hierarchical structures was further discussed on the composition of aromatics compound, oxygenates content and alkene/alkane ratios of the biofuel. |
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| Keywords: | Hierarchical ZSM-5 Kaolin Catalytic cracking Hydrocarbon Biofuel |
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