Ultrasound-enhanced conversion of biomass to biofuels |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomass Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 88 Xuefulu, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, China;2. Tohoku University, Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Aramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8579, Japan;1. Laboratory of Plant Phylogenetics and Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China;2. Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, PR China;3. Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;4. Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA;5. The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK;6. Herbarium (KUN), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, PR China;7. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, PR China;8. Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity & Sprigg Geobiology Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Benham Bldg DX 650 312, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;9. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China;1. School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China;2. Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China;1. Plant Geography Lab, Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;3. Faculty of Science, University Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam;1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Ailao Mountains, Jingdong, Yunnan 676209, China;4. Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China;1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, XiShuangBanNa Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China;2. Institute of Tropical Crops, Yunnan Province, China;1. Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeograph of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China;2. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China;3. World Agroforestry Centre, East Asia Office, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China;4. Forest and Livelihoods Programme, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor 16000, Indonesia;5. Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA;6. Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;7. Department of Geography, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK |
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| Abstract: | Two important challenges need to be addressed to realize a practical biorefinery for the conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals: (i) effective methods for the degradation and fractionation of lignocelluloses and (ii) efficient and robust chemical methods for the conversion of bio-feeds to target products via highly selective catalytic reactions. Ultrasonic energy promotes the pretreatment and conversion process through its special cavitational effects. In this review, recent progress and methods for combining and integrating sonication into biomass pretreatment and conversion for fuels and chemicals are critically assessed. Ultrasonic energy combined with proper solvents allows destruction of the recalcitrant lignocellulosic structure, fractionation of biomass components, and then assists many thermochemical and biochemical reactions, with increased equilibrium yields of sugars, bio-ethanol and gas products by 10–300%. Sonication promotes hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification in biodiesel synthesis and leads to reduced reaction time by 50–80%, lower reaction temperature, less amounts of solvent and catalyst than comparable unsonicated reaction systems. For algal biomass, sonication benefits the disruption, lysis and content release of macro and microalgae cells, and reduces the time required for subsequent extraction and chemical/biochemical reactions, with efficiencies typically being improved by 120–200%. High-frequency ultrasound of 1–3 MHz allows harvesting of microalgae, liquid product separation and in-situ process monitoring of biomass reactions, while high-intensity ultrasound at 20–50 kHz activates heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis of the biomass reactions. The use of ultrasound in conversion of biomass to biofuels provides a positive process benefit. |
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| Keywords: | Ultrasound Lignocellulose Pretreatment Microalgae Biodiesel |
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