Explaining the non-implementation of health-improving policies related to solid fuels use in South Africa |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500AE, The Netherlands;2. SeTAR Centre, APB Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa;3. Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg APK Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;1. University of Cape Town, South Africa;2. MRC/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa;3. INDEPTH Network, Ghana;4. DST/SAMRC South African Population Research Infrastructure Network (SAPRIN);1. Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany;2. Mountain Medicine Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal;3. Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal;4. The Hospital for Tropical Disease, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit-Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;5. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany;1. University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences and the SAMRC-UNISA VIPRU, P.O. Box 1087, Lenasia 1820, South Africa;2. Energy Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa;1. Institute of Biological & Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK;2. Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Westburn Road Aberdeen, AB25 2ZG, UK;3. African Centre for Clean Air, Kampala, Uganda;1. SA Medical Research Council, Violence Injury and Peace Research Unit (VIPRU)-University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 1087, Lenasia 1820, South Africa;2. SA Medical Research Council, VIPRU–University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, P.O Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa |
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| Abstract: | In 1998, the South African government developed an energy policy that focused on a pro-poor agenda. Its objectives included addressing the health impacts of solid fuel use in households. Fourteen years later, and with household electrification at over 80%, millions still use solid fuels and yet ambitious policy objectives to address this situation are not being met. Using three theoretical frameworks; institutional capacity, policy inheritance and the symbolic use of policy, this paper analyses the reasons why household energy policy objectives related to solid fuels and health, as stated in the 1998 South African energy policy, have not been implemented. The results of the analysis show that the symbolic use of policy, including meanings of objects used for meeting policy objectives is the most critical explanation. The paper illustrates that political and historical contexts are critical to understanding policy outcomes in developing and transition countries which often experience tensions between implementing what may seem as objective policies, and that matches their political and historical experiences and aspirations. We recommend that policy analysts in the energy sector complement currently common methods to include political contexts of policy development and implementation in order to better understand why policy makers chose to implement certain policies over others. |
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| Keywords: | Household solid fuels Policy implementation South Africa |
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