Alternatives to percussion and postural drainage. A review of mucus clearance therapies: percussion and postural drainage, autogenic drainage, positive expiratory pressure, flutter valve, intrapulmonary percussive ventilation, and high-frequency chest compression with the ThAIRapy Vest

Four avian beta-defension prepropeptide cDNA sequences gallinacins: Gal 1 (synonym CHP 1, chicken heterophil peptide 1), and Gal 2; turkey heterophil peptides: THP 1 and THP 2] were amplified from chicken or turkey bone marrow mRNA samples, respectively. Partial chicken beta-defensin cDNA sequences were obtained using degenerate primers based on chicken peptide sequences (Gal 1/CHP 1 and Gal 2). The complete cDNA sequences of the chicken beta-defensins were then determined by designing specific intrapeptidal primers, from the newly acquired sequence, and pairing one primer with a specific poly A primer tail sequence (3' end) and the other primer with an adapter primer in a 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) reaction. The two, turkey beta-defensins were amplified from turkey marrow using primers designed from chicken beta-defensin preproregions. The complete amino acid sequences for the prepropeptides were deduced for all four avian beta-defensins. Previously, only partial mature peptide sequences for the turkey beta-defensins and complete mature peptide sequences for the chicken beta-defensins were known. All sequences obtained translated accurately to complete and partial amino acid sequences reported for beta-defensins purified from chicken and turkey heterophil granules except for one additional amino acid for Gal 1/CHP 1. The four deduced beta-defensin proregions lack the long, negatively charged propiece reported in classical defensin proregions. These regions are thought to stabilize and inactivate the positively charged mature peptide and target the propeptide to the storage granule. Instead, these beta-defensin proregions are shorter and similar to storage granule-free beta-defensins proregions reported for bovine tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP). These are the first prepropeptide beta-defensins from leukocyte granules to be completely characterized.