Injectable self-healing nanocellulose hydrogels crosslinked by aluminum: Cellulose nanocrystals vs. cellulose nanofibrils |
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Authors: | Zhongxin Lin Renliang Huang Jiangjiexing Wu Anastasia Penkova Wei Qi Zhimin He Rongxin Su |
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Affiliation: | 1.State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;2.Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo 315201, China;3.School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;4.St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
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Abstract: | With excellent biocompatibility and unique physiochemical properties, nanocelluloses including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are promising candidates for preparing biomedical hydrogels. CNCs and CNFs are different in morphology and surface charges. Herein, CNCs and two CNFs (CNFs-C, Carboxylated CNFs; CNFs-P, Phosphorylated CNFs) were synthesized and applied to fabricate hydrogels through metal crosslinking. Aluminum crosslinking was found to be the best choice for enhancing the strength. This study systematically compared the morphologies, storage modulus, loss factor, continuous shear ramp, self-healing, swelling, in vitro degradation and injectable properties of the fabricated hydrogels. Further, a radar chart is summarized as guidelines to direct the rational selection to meet the specific requirements of further biomedical applications. At the same nanocellulose concentration and after Al3+ crosslinking, CNCs hydrogels had strong water holding capacity twice as much as that of CNFs hydrogels. While CNFs hydrogels showed higher hardness and stronger resistance to degradation than that of CNCs. These results provide detailed insights into nanocellulose hydrogels, making it possible to use these guidelines to select hydrogels for desired performance. |
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Keywords: | Cellulose nanocrystals Cellulose nanofibrils Surface heterogeneities Gels Fabrication Mechanical properties |
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