The effect of engine speed and cylinder-to-cylinder variations on backfire in a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Engine Research Team, Environmental System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea;2. Engine Component Technology Team, Aeropropulsion Division, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea;1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Northern China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450011, China;1. Engine Research Department, Environmental System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea;2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea;3. Engine Components Research Team, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea;1. Tecnológico Nacional de México / Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico. Int. Internado Palmira S/N, Palmira C.P.62490, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;2. Conacyt-Tecnológico Nacional de México /Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico. Int. Internado Palmira S/N, Palmira C.P.62490, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;3. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos/Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas. Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;1. Engine Research Department, Environmental System Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea;2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea;3. Engine Components Research Team, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | The port-injection-type hydrogen engine is advantaged in that hydrogen gas is injected into the intake pipe through a low-pressure fuel injector, and the mixing period with air is sufficient to produce uniform mixing, improving the thermal efficiency. A drawback is that the flame backfires in the intake manifold, reducing the engine output because the amount of intake air is reduced, owing to the large volume of hydrogen. Here, the backfire mechanism as a part of the development of full-load output capability is investigated, and a 2.4-liter reciprocating gasoline engine is modified to a hydrogen engine with a hydrogen supply system. To secure the stability and output performance of the hydrogen engine, the excess air ratio was controlled with a universal engine control unit.The torque, excess air ratio, hydrogen fuel, and intake air flow rate changes in time were compared under low- and high-engine speed conditions with a wide-open throttle. The excess air ratio depends on the change in the fuel amount when the throttle is completely opened, and excess air ratio increase leads to fuel/air-mixture dilution by the surplus air in the cylinder. As the engine speed increases, the maximum torque decreases because the excess air ratio continues to increase due to the occurrence of the backfire. The exhaust gas temperature also increases, except at an engine speed of 6000 rpm. Furthermore, the increase in exhaust gas temperature affects the backfire occurrence. At 2000 rpm, under low-speed and wide-open throttle conditions, backfire first occurs in the No. 4 cylinder because the mixture is heated by the relatively high port temperature. In contrast, at 6000 rpm, under high-speed and wide-open throttle conditions, the backfire starts at the No. 2 cylinder first because of a higher exhaust gas temperature, resulting in a lower excess air ratio in cylinders 2 and 3, located at the center of the engine. |
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| Keywords: | Hydrogen engine Port fuel injection Engine speed Backfire Excess air ratio Cylinder-to-cylinder variations |
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