Techno-economic evaluation of hydrogen refueling stations with liquid or gaseous stored hydrogen |
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Affiliation: | 1. Daimler AG, Neue Str. 95, 73230, Kirchheim, Teck-Nabern, Germany;2. NuCellSys GmbH, Neue Str. 95, 73230, Kirchheim, Teck-Nabern, Germany;1. National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies ICIT, Rm. Valcea, Romania;2. Romanian Association for Hydrogen Energy, Rm. Valcea, Romania;3. National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology INCD-ECOIND, Rm. Valcea, Romania;1. Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne IL 60439, United States;2. U.S. Department of Energy, Fuel Cell Technologies Office, 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20585, United States;1. São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering, Guaratinguetá, Department of Energy, Laboratory of Optimization of Energy Systems (LOSE), Institute of Bioenergy Research (IPBEN - UNESP) - Associated Laboratory of Guaratinguetá, Brazil;2. GIDTEC – Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca, Ecuador;3. São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering, Guaratinguetá, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ave. Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333, Guaratinguetá, SP, 12.516-410, Brazil;1. Università degli Studi di Camerino, Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy;2. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IEK-3, Institute of Electrochemical Process Engineering, 52425 Jülich, Germany;3. GI&E Holding S.P.A, 62017 Porto Recanati, Italy |
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Abstract: | In this study, different hydrogen refueling station (HRS) architectures are analyzed energetically as well as economically for 2015 and 2050. For the energetic evaluation, the model published in Bauer et al. [1] is used and norm-fitting fuelings according to SAE J2601 [2] are applied. This model is extended to include an economic evaluation. The compressor (gaseous hydrogen) resp. pump (liquid hydrogen) throughput and maximum pressures and volumes of the cascaded high-pressure storage system vessels are dimensioned in a way to minimize lifecycle costs, including depreciation, capital commitment and electricity costs. Various station capacity sizes are derived and energy consumption is calculated for different ambient temperatures and different station utilizations. Investment costs and costs per fueling mass are calculated based on different station utilizations and an ambient temperature of +12 °C. In case of gaseous trucked-in hydrogen, a comparison between 5 MPa and 20 MPa low-pressure storage is conducted. For all station configurations and sizes, a medium-voltage grid connection is applied if the power load exceeds a certain limit. For stations with on-site production, the electric power load of the hydrogen production device (electrolyzer or gas reformer) is taken into account in terms of power load. Costs and energy consumption attributed to the production device are not considered in this study due to comparability to other station concepts. Therefore, grid connection costs are allocated to the fueling station part excluding the production device. The operational strategy of the production device is also considered as energy consumption of the subsequent compressor or pump and the required low-pressure storage are affected by it. All station concepts, liquid truck-supplied hydrogen as well as stations with gaseous truck-supplied or on-site produced hydrogen show a considerable cost reduction potential. Long-term specific hydrogen costs of large stations (6 dispensers) are 0.63 €/kg – 0.76 €/kg (dependent on configuration) for stations with gaseous stored hydrogen and 0.18 €/kg for stations with liquid stored hydrogen. The study focuses only on the refueling station and does not allow a statement about the overall cost-effectiveness of different pathways. |
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Keywords: | Hydrogen refueling stations Cost comparison Energy consumption Utilization Concepts Compressed gaseous hydrogen FCEV" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Fuel cell electric vehicle HP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" High pressure HPSS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0070" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" High pressure storage system HRS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Hydrogen refueling station Liquid hydrogen LP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0100" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Low pressure |
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