Mixing and warming of cryogenic hydrogen releases |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, MS 9052, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA;2. Interdisciplinary Center for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India;1. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Research and Innovation Center, 5-717-1 Fukahori, Nagasaki 851-0392, Japan;2. Toyota Technological Institute, Graduate School of Engineering, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan;3. Gifu University, Faculty of Engineering, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;4. Aoyama Gakuin University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan;5. Japan Petroleum Energy Center, Sumitomo Fudosan Shiba-Koen Tower, 11-1, Shibakoen 2-Chome, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-0011, Japan;1. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan;2. Iwatani Corporation, Japan;1. Shell Technology Centre Bangalore, Shell India Markets Private Limited, Plot No - 7, Bangalore Hardware Park, Devanahalli, Mahadeva Kodigehalli, Bangalore 562 149, Karnataka, India;2. Shell Projects and Technology, Shell Centre, York Road, London, SE1 7NA, UK;1. Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics/Key Laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing 100028, China;3. Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China |
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| Abstract: | Laboratory measurements were made on the concentration and temperature fields of cryogenic hydrogen jets. Images of spontaneous Raman scattering from a pulsed planar laser sheet were used to measure the concentration and temperature fields from varied releases. Jets with up to 5 bar pressure, with near-liquid temperatures at the release point, were characterized in this work. This data is relevant for characterizing unintended leaks from piping connected to cryogenic hydrogen storage tanks, such as might be encountered at a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle fueling station. The average centerline mass fraction was observed to decay at a rate similar to room temperature hydrogen jets, while the half-width of the Gaussian profiles of mass fraction were observed to spread more slowly than for room temperature hydrogen. This suggests that the mixing and models for cryogenic hydrogen may be different than for room temperature hydrogen. Results from this work were also compared to a one-dimensional (streamwise) model. Good agreement was seen in terms of temperature and mass fraction. In subsequent work, a validated version of this model will be exercised to quantitatively assess the risk at hydrogen fueling stations with cryogenic hydrogen on-site. |
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| Keywords: | Hydrogen Cryogenic Jet Plume Experiment Simulation |
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