Enhanced anticancer therapy mediated by specialized liposomes

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether instrument-proficient pilots would more safely manage a flight into unplanned instrument meteorologic conditions (IMC) than would nonproficient pilots. METHODS: A controlled experimental study was performed using a full-motion helicopter simulator. Participants were emergency medical services (EMS) pilots with commercial licenses and previous simulator experience who were blinded to the study design and hypothesis. During a simulated EMS mission, cloud ceiling and visibility were decreased until IMC prevailed, and pilot actions were recorded. Data included the altitude at which the aircraft entered IMC, and whether the pilots maintained control of the aircraft, flew within aviation standards (i.e., bank angle, airspeed), and safely landed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight pilots (13 instrument-proficient, 15 nonproficient) participated; they had a median of 6,300 hours of helicopter experience. Two pilots crashed, both from the nonproficient group. The instrument-proficient pilots lost control less often (15% vs 67%, p < 0.05), maintained instrument standards more often (77% vs 40%, p < 0.05), and entered IMC at a higher altitude (689 feet vs 517 feet, p < 0.05) compared with the nonproficient pilots. Instructor comments indicated that the nonproficient pilots made more errors than did the instrument-proficient pilots. CONCLUSIONS: Instrument-proficient pilots more safely manage an unexpected encounter with IMC. Helicopter EMS programs should strongly consider maintaining instrument proficiency to enhance safety.